"Virtue, then, is a habit or trained faculty of choice, the characteristic of which lies in moderation or observance of the mean relatively to the persons concerned, as determined by reason, i.e. as the prudent man would determine it."
| Passion | Deficiency | MEAN | Excess |
| Fear/Confidence | Cowardice | COURAGE | Rashness |
| Pleasure/Pain | Insensible | TEMPERANCE | Self-indulgence |
| Anger | Unirascible | GOOD TEMPERED | Irascible |
| Wealth | Meanness | LIBERALITY | Prodigality |